Biology (BIO)

An in-depth exploration of selected biological concepts, connected to current, relevant topics and emphasizing an understanding of science as a way of obtaining knowledge. Not available for major or minor credit in biology. May be used for general education credit. May not be used for major credit.

Orientation to the biology and biotechnology majors for first year students, including freshmen and transfer students. Course content includes introduction to the biology/biotechnology curriculum, academic plan building, time management and study skills, stress and anxiety management, campus student resources, undergraduate research, graduate school considerations, and discussion of biology career options. Course provides university elective credit. Not available for biology or biotechnology major credit. Course is offered credit/no-credit.

The foundations of the cellular molecules, structures and processes that sustain life in the context of evolution will be explored. Topics will include structure and function; information flow, storage and exchange; pathways and transformations of energy and matter; and systems biology. May be used for general education credit.

Students learn the process of science and the basics of experimental design while building scientific writing skills. Students learn foundational techniques of molecular biology (pipetting, DNA extraction, PCR, gel electrophoresis and basic bioinformatics) in the context of a DNA Barcoding project. Students will leave this course with the preparation needed to design their own independent DNA barcoding projects. May be used for general education credit.

Foundations II focuses on the diversity of life, anatomy and physiology of organisms and ecological organization in an evolutionary context. This class will explore structure and function; how information is transmitted; transformations of energy and matter; and how biological units act as integrated systems. The process of science, interdisciplinary approaches and the relevance of biology to society will be addressed.

Student teams develop and execute semester-long independent research projects using DNA barcoding. Students will learn how to ask scientific questions, explore scientific literature, design scientific studies, analyze and interpret data, and share results using images and scientific writing. This lab emphasizes the development and refinement of research techniques in molecular biology, critical thinking, study design, teamwork and skills in finding, reading and writing scientific literature. Students will leave this course with a deeper understanding of the process of science, an introduction to bioinformatics and molecular biology and improved skills in scientific communication.

This course is awarded for lower division transfer elective credit applicable toward the biology major or minor. A maximum of four hours may be transferred and used toward the major or minor. Additional hours may be transferred as BIO OOO.

The first part of the research skills seminar for first-year students in the Trelawny Learning Community. In addition to lab/field work with faculty or graduate students for 2-3 hours per week, students attend a weekly seminar. Seminar includes research skill and team-building exercises, guest speakers and case studies geared toward a career in science. Faculty and students interact with community members to provide perspectives on the major and research in a scientific network.

The second part of the research skills seminar for first-year students in the Trelawny Learning Community. Students will have already begun research projects during fall semester, and will continue their projects into spring semester while continuing to build research skills. Students will take part in community, campus and social events and gain experience helping to run a research-based event.

An exploratory laboratory experience, designed for incoming freshmen. Students will learn about the life cycle and ecology of viruses infecting bacteria. Soil samples will be collected, and techniques for isolation and purification of the viruses will be performed by the students. Isolated viruses will be visualized using electron microscopy. The genomic material will be isolated and prepared for nucleic acid sequencing.

A computer-based laboratory experience, designed for students completing the Viral Discovery course. Students will learn to identify genes in a viral genome, compare the predicted proteins with known proteins in databases, describe the contents of the genome and notate all the relevant information for publication. Students will also research the role of bacteriophages in ecology and evolution.

Introductory studies in specific areas of biology. May be repeated for credit when course content changes.

Students in this course will explore the biology of sex and gender and consider their interactions and interrelationships through a lens that considers intersectional identities and societal expectations. Topics include reproductive biology, sexual differentiation, gender development and expression, and the interactions between science and society that inform gendered bodies and practices.

Students will explore how genetic information is utilized throughout the lifetime of the organism. The course focuses on the flow of information and evolutionary principles through the lenses of classical and molecular genetics and genomics.

Students will explore both classic and molecular genetic techniques using genetic model organisms. Additionally, students will learn how to analyze large data sets using widely available data bases, data analysis programs and introductory coding.

A study of the microorganisms, their significance, evolution, structure and function, genetics and the systems in which they exist.

This laboratory course is designed to complement and supplement the BIO 245 lecture course.

Seminars, readings and discussions of the primary scientific literature with a focus on the current research in the field of microbiology.

Students will use an interactive e-text application to explore the changing natural world through modeling and simulation in a discovery-based classroom environment. Throughout every unit, the relationship among evolution, ecology and the environment are woven together using current research from primary literature. Evolution is explored in many relevant contexts, including artificial and natural selection of GMOs and of antibiotic resistance. In a module covering the evolution of decision making, students will learn quantitative approaches to game theory, optimal foraging and sexual selection. An understanding of population ecology and evolution is gained as students manipulate models to understand competition and predator-prey dynamics with real case studies of both microbes and endangered species. Climate change is discussed through the use of mathematical models and current and historical data.

Hands-on laboratory and field-based experiences which emphasize experimental design and both statistical and quantitative analyses, with an emphasis on oral and written professional communication.

An introduction to anatomy (structure) and physiology (function) of the human body and its organ systems which will provide a strong foundation in the relationship of human structure and function. BIO 260 is designed to meet the Virginia Science Content educational guidelines for A&P. Credit may not be earned in both BIO 260 and BIO 270/BIO 270L and BIO 290/BIO 290L.

An introduction to basic physiological principles using humans as the primary organism. Physiological adaptations will be examined at the molecular through organismal levels. Intended for students in health-related fields and The Natural World of the general education program. Not available for biology or biotechnology major credit. Credit for BIO 270/BIO 270L and BIO 290/BIO 290L may be transferred together to JMU only when transferable credits for two semesters of anatomy and physiology (I & II) are completed at the same institution. A single semester transfer, or courses from different institutions, transfer as BIO OOO.

This laboratory course is conducted to directly observe how the body's systems work and how scientific knowledge is accumulated in conjunction with the BIO 270 lecture course. Organizational and leadership skills are promoted by individual and group laboratory activities. Credit for BIO 270L and BIO 290L may be transferred together to JMU only when transferrable credits for two semesters of anatomy and physiology (I & II) lab are completed at the same institution. A single semester transfer, or courses from different institutions, transfer as BIO OOO. May be used for general education credit.

A regionally based study of the human body. Emphasis on major body structures and function is reinforced through hands-on examination of prosected cadaver specimens and other anatomical resources during the prerequisite or corequisite laboratory experience. Credit for BIO 270/BIO 270L and BIO 290/BIO 290L; may be transferred together to JMU only when transferrable credits for two semesters of Anatomy & Physiology (I & II) are completed at the same institution. A single semester, or courses from different institutions, transfer as BIO OOO.

A regionally-based study of the human body. Emphasis on major body structures and function through hands-on examination of prosected cadaver specimens and other anatomical resources. Credit for BIO 270L and BIO 290L may be transferred together to JMU only when transferrable credits for two semesters of anatomy and physiology (I & II) lab are completed at the same institution. A single semester transfer, or courses from different institutions, transfer as BIO OOO.

This course will examine molecular control of neuronal function. Topics include the structure and function of neuronal excitability, chemical and contact mediated neuronal communication, developing and regenerating nervous systems, sensation and perception, learning and memory formation, repair from neuronal damage, and the neuronal pathways of sensation and motor control. In the context of these subjects, we will review the neuronal alterations that cause some common brain diseases.

In this primarily discussion-based class, students will develop an understanding of the impact of biological and medical advances on society and why biologists and citizens must be aware of the accompanying bioethical issues. The development of the bioethics field will be explored, and biological, medical and technological advances will be described. Students will explore these topics with appropriate bioethics readings, short writing assignments synopsizing the readings, group discussions and in-class presentations selected by the students.

Students will develop a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms employed by procaryotic and eucaryotic cells. Topics will include (1) macromolecular structure and function and how macromolecules coordinate to maintain life, (2) molecular mechanisms that regulate the synthesis and flow of genetic information and (3) molecular aspects of homeostasis, bioenergetics and cell signaling.

An exploration of the functional biology, ecology, and biodiversity of marine organisms. Students will be provided with a general understanding of how the ocean works and how marine organisms operate within their environment. The diversity of marine organisms in the open sea and benthos will be surveyed and a discussion of the numerous threats impacting various marine ecosystems will also be included.

This course integrates cell and molecular biology and genetics to understand the processes and mechanisms underlying body plan formation and organ formation in vertebrate animals and insects. The course additionally covers the development of muscle, skeleton and nervous tissues, the postembryonic phenomena of growth, metamorphosis and regeneration, and the developmental basis of evolutionary changes in animal anatomy.

Students design and carry out independent research projects on different aspects of frog or chick development. Skills include manipulating live embryos, raising embryos and larvae from eggs, using wax histology to make microscope slides, immunohistochemistry, 3D reconstruction and morphometry-based analyses, and filming animal behavior. Projects are hypothesis-driven and investigate patterns, mechanisms and behaviors involved in the development of skeleton, lungs, tails, limbs and other organs.

This course explores the anatomical evolution of vertebrates, including the phylogenetic, developmental and functional significance of structures and systems across the vertebrate family tree. Students will gain key competencies in tree-thinking, specimen dissection, comparing and conveying anatomical form, and evaluating and synthesizing information to generate hypotheses and propose future directions in the field of comparative vertebrate anatomy.

An intermediate genetics course with an emphasis on human biology. Topics include cytogenetics, pedigree analysis, quantitative traits, mutation, epigenetics, genomics and ethical issues raised by developing technologies.

This course covers the study and medical implications of parasites that infect humans. Class activities will emphasize parasite morphology, modes of transmission, mechanisms of host entry and infection, niche selection, life cycles, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment and control.

This course covers specified areas of biology taught at the 300 level. May be repeated for credit when course content changes. See MyMadison for prerequisites for specific topics.

Students will consider how the skills of visual art are used in the dissemination of data. Students will learn how to sketch, paint and digitally illustrate microscopic specimens, live and dead plants and animals, bones, cellular processes and scientific methodology. Students will be instructed in different illustration techniques and be encouraged to find their preferred medium to produce a portfolio of images. The course content can be modified to reflect the interests/needs of the students. Students are responsible for obtaining all materials required for completing exercises and projects. Students may also obtain their own biological subjects.

This course provides an introduction to evolutionary biology, including evidence for evolution, natural selection, genetic drift, sexual selection, phylogenetics, genome evolution, speciation, macroevolution, the history of life on Earth and the evolution of infectious disease.

A detailed study of the comparative morphology and anatomy of tracheophytes.

Introduction to dynamical models (discrete and continuous time) applied to biology. Tools of mathematical analysis from linear and nonlinear dynamics will be taught, including stability analysis of equilibrium, as well as appropriate use of software packages. Emphasis will be on model development and interpretation in the context of applications, including effective written and oral presentation.

A course-based-research laboratory course. Students isolate pathogenic bacteria from environmental samples, identify and characterize them, and sequence their whole genomes. Students learn the basics of microbial genomics, including genome assembly, annotation and comparative genomics methods to study mobile genetic elements, virulence, antibiotic resistance, etc. They also learn how these methods are used in the epidemiological tracking of pathogens.

Students will learn about microorganisms of medical importance, mainly bacteria and viruses. Key topics for each organism include general cell structure, unique structures/functions, epidemiology of the disease that the organism causes, mechanisms of pathogenesis, isolation and identification of the organism, and treatment options.

This laboratory course consists of a series of case studies that require the students to identify the likely causative agent of the symptoms described in the case study.

The evolution and ecological structure of the biosphere from the origin of life to the present, emphasizing the evolution and paleobiology of animal life as shown by the fossil record. Lectures discuss methods used to interpret the fossil record and cover topics such as phylogeny and systematics, functional morphology, biostratigraphy, paleoecology, evolution and extinction. Laboratories focus on the major groups of invertebrates that are common in the geologic record.

Global climate change is important to the distribution, diversity, health and survival of organisms. The biota have changed through evolution in part as a response to selection pressures from these variations. Living things can also adjust to change through phenotypic flexibility. This course examines, in a seminar/discussion format, the potential ecological impacts of past and current patterns of climate alteration on organisms.

A detailed study of the biodiversity, conservation, biogeography and natural history of the Galápagos Islands.

This course is an introduction to the biology of plants including evolution, diversity, form and function, ecology, and biotechnology.

An exploration of plant structure, function, evolution and biological diversity.

An introduction to the molecules and chemical reactions of living systems. Structure and function of important classes of biomolecules are explored and the relationship of structure to function is stressed. Basic metabolic sequences are discussed.

A survey of past, present and future uses of plants with emphasis on economically important plant families. Issues of cultivated plant origins, biodiversity and germplasm preservation are considered.

An investigative examination of plants and their constituents with an emphasis on their physiological ecology, adaptations and economic utilization by humans.

Design and function of cellular and organ physiology will be explored in both humans and other animals. The course will begin by using an organ system approach to introduce basic physiological principles and develop understanding of physiological processes which requires the integration of multiple organ systems functioning. The course is intended for biology majors and minors. Class activities will emphasize problem-solving and collaborative and independent learning. The laboratories will utilize computer simulations and animal/human experiments to examine principles of both physiology and scientific investigation.

This course explores the nature and development of human sensory capabilities and processing, and how these affect perception of the environment. A potential list of the variety of systems reviewed includes hearing, vision, smell, taste and touch/pain, as well as phenomena such as the perception of balance.

This course will focus primarily on advanced microbiology laboratory techniques. The techniques may include microcopy, staining, autoclave use and preparation of media, maintenance of stock cultures, and spectroscopy. This course will help prepare students for research and advanced microbiology laboratory courses.

This course is a survey of the neurological and chemical mechanisms which control behavior. Students will examine the brain and how it processes sensation, perception, cognition, movement, motivation, learning, memory and other behavioral processes of interest to psychologists.

An in-depth survey of vascular plants in the field with emphasis on identification, diversity of form and function, and ecology. Laboratory topics will include techniques for sampling plant communities, identifying local flora and preserving botanical materials.

An examination of microbial diversity in the environment and the functional role of microbes in ecosystems around the world.

This course is a field-based investigative lab experience exploring the structure and function of microbial communities and applications of microbiology.

This course covers aspects of the development, function and evolution of the behavior of nonhuman animals. Topics covered include intraspecies communication, feeding, aggression, territoriality, reproductive behavior and social behavior.

This course explores the geology and ecology of the shallow-water marine environment by examining the preeminent modern example, the Bahamas platform. The Bahamas provide an excellent model for understanding modern and ancient carbonate and reef deposits and a variety of terrestrial/aquatic habitats. Biological processes are responsible for many of the geological features of the Bahamas, so the course considers the biology/ecology of marine organisms in addition to geological topics.

A study of the function, structure and composition of forested ecosystems. The effect of physical geography on the distribution of forest communities will be explored. Issues of forest management and restoration will also be considered. Field laboratory topics will include dendrology and sampling techniques within different forest successional stages.

An examination of the place of theoretical thought in biology. The concepts of phylogenetic relationships and the mechanisms of organic change as expressed through the principles of organic evolution will be stressed.

A study of the origin and evolution of the vertebrates. Emphasis will be on understanding how the processes of Earth evolution and biological evolution have interacted through time to produce a coherent picture of vertebrate history.

An advanced study of topics in human anatomy using dissection techniques.

An introduction to the study of mammals, incorporating evolutionary history, general physiology, reproductive biology, systematics, ecology, wildlife management and behavior, followed by review of mammalian taxonomic orders. Lecture is reinforced with laboratory and field experience. Completion of BIO 320 recommended.

This course is an introduction to neuroanatomy with emphasis on neurogenic communication disorders.

Conservation biology is the study and management of biodiversity with the aim of protecting species, their habitats and ecosystems from excessive rates of extinction. The course will focus on ecological theory, population dynamics, conservation and restoration strategies, and ethical questions for conservation. The course will also teach students to analyze open-ended questions via case studies.

This course provides an exploration of terrestrial and aquatic animal ecology with a focus on the ecology of vertebrates in a rapidly changing world. Students will investigate how animal ecology is shaped by the environment and how animals in turn shape their biotic and abiotic environments. Lectures will be composed of small group work to synthesize information from primary literature readings and other sources. Field laboratory topics will involve travel to various local ecosystems. Students will build skills with techniques used in ecological studies focused on various local taxa and ecological communities. Students will build transferable skills in experimental design, field techniques, problem solving, data management, manipulation, visualization and analysis via activities embedded in both lecture and laboratory throughout the course. Students will use these skills to collaboratively design, complete and present course-based field research projects.

This course studies the molecular and cellular basis of the immune system. Topics include the properties of antigens and immunoglobulins, the development and regulation of humoral and cell-mediated immunity, resistance and immunization to infectious diseases, allergies and autoimmune and immunodeficiency disorders.

This course will introduce students to the theory and application of many of the methods currently used in clinical and research immunology. Laboratory exercises will focus on methods for identifying, quantifying and assessing functional activities of immune cells and molecules. Students will gain experience using experimental animals and in animal cell culture techniques.

Specified areas of biology. May be repeated for credit when course content changes. See MyMadison for prerequisites for specific topics.

Laboratory studies in special areas of biology to accompany BIO 426 or stand alone. May be repeated for credit when course content changes. An accompanying 3-credit BIO 426 course may be a corequisite. See MyMadison for prerequisites for specific topics.

Students will design and engage in course-based research projects using modern approaches to ornithology. Classes will investigate current primary literature on ornithological research, recent technological advances and conservation. Lectures and labs will explore the biodiversity of birds, identification by sight and sound, and the ecology, evolution, physiology and behavior of birds. Labs will involve fieldwork, data collection and workshops such as sound analysis and geographic tracking. BIO 430 will be taught concurrently with BIO 530.

This course covers the principles behind light microscopy, from the properties of light to the latest technologies in microscopy. Students will get hands-on experience with the different kinds of microscopes, including the confocal microscope. The course also covers fluorescent probes, advanced fluorescence techniques, digital imaging, methods of quantification and figure preparation for publication, with an emphasis on biological applications.

A writing-intensive introduction to basic neurobiological processes that draws from molecular biology, genetics, biochemistry, behavioral biology, electrophysiology, pharmacology, computer science and optics. Topics will include both classic and state-of-the-art techniques. Special emphasis will be placed on framing techniques as tools to answer basic scientific questions in neuroscience. BIO 443 is taught concurrently with BIO 543. Credit may not be earned in both BIO 443 and BIO 543.

A study of the fundamental aspects of both basic and medical virology. Credit may not be earned in both BIO 444 and BIO 544.

Molecular, cellular and network mechanisms underlying behavior will be studied using problem-solving, discussion, lecture and critical reading of the primary literature. Similarities and differences between nervous systems and computers will be explored. Laboratories will utilize contemporary electrophysiology and computer simulation to examine the neurobiology of simple animal model systems.

The experimental basis of neurobiology will be explored in invertebrates and humans using modern neurobiological techniques, such as extracellular, intracellular, electromyogram and voltage clamp recording. The course will revolve primarily around the laboratory activities, with the single lecture section designed to support the laboratory. Students will be expected to complete a project that involves developing a new experimental approach or model system.

An introduction to the evolution and ecology of pathogenic microorganisms, with an emphasis on the bacteria. Emphasis will be placed on the study, discussion and critique of scientific literature, as well as formal presentation of scientific information and data.

Exploration of molecular and cellular mechanisms that determine neuronal identity, migration, synaptogenesis, synaptic plasticity and neural systems organization. Critical and intensive evaluation and communication of primary literature.

An overview of insect ecology from an evolutionary perspective, focusing on the processes that affect the diversity, distribution and abundance of insects in natural and managed ecosystems. The role of insects as model systems in understanding ecological and evolutionary principles is included, and current literature in the field is highlighted. Field surveys and experiments are emphasized, including general insect collection and identification.

Discussion-based course on the developmental changes involved in our evolution from ape-like ancestors; using the science of cloning and embryonic stem cells to prolong human life; the evolutionary theory of aging; the genetic conflict theory of human pregnancy; the developmental basis of variation in human sexuality; and the direct effects of environment on modern human development and evolution.

Theoretical and applied aspects of distribution and abundance, population regulation, interactions between populations and conservation will be studied in selected organisms, including humans. Credit may not be earned in both BIO 452 and BIO 552.

The ecology of microorganisms will be covered, including those important in human health and in natural environments. Emphasis will be placed on the study and critique of scientific literature. Credit may not be earned in both BIO 453 and 553.

This course discusses the role of statistics in biological research and interpretation of biological phenomena. The course will cover topics of sampling, correlation, regression analysis, tests of hypotheses, commonly observed distributions in natural populations, nonparametric tests, goodness-of-fit tests and ANOVA. In order to fully comprehend the statistical analysis of those publications, students will review approximately half a dozen publications from different fields of biology.

An in-depth study of plant function including metabolism, water relations, transport phenomena, growth and development, physiological ecology, and responses to pathogens and abiotic stress. Credit may not be earned in both BIO 455 and BIO 555.

Emerging issues in health and environmental sciences require an understanding of how to make inferences and decisions in the face of limited data and uncertainty. In the past few decades, advances in computational sciences have opened new ways of using and interpreting data. These advances are fundamentally changing how biologists approach statistics. This course introduces students to the principles of probability and likelihood that underpin these growing areas of statistics, and teaches students how to apply these principles to statistical computing. Examples come from ecological models and data and reflect general principles of working with discrete and continuous data, maximum likelihood and Bayesian estimation techniques, and using fundamental principles of probability to build and interpret mixed and mixture models. Work will be done using the open-source statistics program, R, and exercises will emphasize building skills by working with peers and by trial-and-error, both of which are key features of the open-source computing community.

This course will explore the various ways that geographic information systems (GIS) can be used to answer biological questions. Students will use GIS software to study applications in ecology, conservation biology, and environmental biology. No prior GIS experience required.

Functional relationships and productivity of freshwater communities are examined as they are affected by their physical, chemical and biotic environment. Organisms inhabiting lakes, ponds, rivers, streams and estuaries are studied at the population, community and ecosystem levels.

Theory and practice of growing isolated plant cells, tissues and organs.

An in-depth look at the human cardiovascular system by means of advanced physiology with clinical applications and case-based learning. While the course is focused on the human heart and blood vessels, other body systems will be discussed in the context of their association and integration with the cardiovascular system.

Study of endocrine organs and mechanisms of action of hormones. Students will be involved in interactive lectures and team-based learning activities to understand endocrine functions and disorders.

This course will focus on the cellular physiological mechanisms responsible for regulation of normal human metabolism and place them in the context of the development of chronic disease processes.

This is an advanced-level vertebrate physiology course in which students will learn reproductive anatomy, physiology, development and behavior of a variety of organisms with humans serving as the foundational species. Innate and manipulated physiological mechanisms controlling reproduction will be examined at the molecular through organismal levels. Intended for students in organismal biology and health-related fields.

Exploration of the genetic and epigenetic factors that drive the evolution of cancer cells, taking into account both inherited and environmental contributions to this process. The cellular mechanisms debilitated or subverted during cancer development will be studied, and student teams will demonstrate their understanding of the material through the diagnosis, genetic characterization and treatment of a hypothetical cancer patient.

This course will examine cellular mechanisms, genetics and environmental factors that underlie the onset and progression of age-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). This course will build on students' foundational knowledge of cell function, apoptosis and genetics to understand mechanisms that initiate and drive the proliferation neuronal cell death in age-related neurodegenerative diseases. In this course, students also study advancements in research and technology that have led to improved diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative disease.

This course is a study of the history, basic principles and ethical considerations in the field of molecular biology. Students will learn about the structure and function of nucleic acids, proteins and other cellular macromolecules to appreciate the power and limitations of current resources and knowledge.

This course is a study of the applied practices in the field of molecular biology. Students will participate in hands-on wet bench and computational experiments analyzing nucleic acids, proteins and other cellular macromolecules to appreciate the power and limitations of current resources and knowledge.

This advanced biology course is designed for students to learn about the structure and function of genomes, to develop facility in web-based tools and resources, and to appreciate the power and limitations of current resources and knowledge. Focus is on the biological questions that genomics can help to answer. Laboratory exercises will be sequencing and analyzing genomic DNA.

Students will examine microscopic structure of cells, tissues and major organ systems of the body. Basic anatomical and physiological function is presented to emphasize the histological significance of the examined organ systems.

Focuses on building databases and computer programs to manage and analyze biological sequence data, and secondarily on theoretical aspects. The overall objective is to learn current information about the intersection of information science and biology, to develop facility in the many web-based tools and resources for further studies and research in genomics/bioinformatics, and to appreciate the power and limitations of current resources and knowledge.

This research-embedded course will introduce students to the techniques and experimental design currently used in aquatic microbial ecology through both literature and laboratory procedures. Students will participate in projects that are currently a component of the instructor's research program. BIO 484 will be taught concurrently with BIO 584.

Study of systematic theory and an overview of the classification and evolution of higher plants, with particular attention to flowering plant families. Techniques for plant identification and collection and for construction of phylogenies will be taught in lab.

Contributes to the further development of pre-service secondary science teachers' pedagogical content knowledge. Students will engage in education research to gain experience and develop instructional practices relevant to the Virginia Standards of Learning. To supplement their understanding of scientific concepts and the process of science, the focus will be on the nature of science encompassing literature from the history, philosophy, and sociology of science.

The interactions of organisms with their physical environment. Concepts from fluid and solid mechanics are applied to biological form and function.

A discussion-based course for the development of the fundamental thinking, writing and presentation skills necessary to be a successful researcher. This course is required for all Biology Track I and II Honors students in their sophomore year, and is strongly recommended for all Biology majors who are intending to do research. Offered as credit/no credit only.

Students are trained in the support and function of undergraduate biology courses. Students must contact and make arrangements with the supervising instructor in the term prior to registration. May be repeated when course content and/or student responsibilities within the course change. Offered as credit/no credit only.

Students are supervised by veterinarians and lab technicians in diagnostic lab activities at a regional animal health laboratory. A proposal and final presentation are required. Enrollment is limited to 1-2 individuals per term and students are advised to contact the Pre-Veterinary coordinator to be waitlisted. Offered as credit/no credit only.

Students participate in research or applied biology outside of this university. Students must contact and obtain approval of a supervising instructor at the off campus location and with the department internship coordinator in the term prior to registration. A proposal must be approved prior to registration and a final paper or presentation will be completed. Offered as credit/no credit only.

Students pursue a lab or field research project in a selected area of biology with a faculty research mentor. This could be research techniques (lab or field), literature review or both. Students must contact and make arrangements with a supervising instructor in the term prior to registration. This course may be repeated, and up to 2 credits may be used to partially satisfy one upper level laboratory requirement for the biology major. This course is offered as credit/no-credit only.

Students pursue a lab or field research project in a selected area of biology with a faculty research mentor. Students must contact and make arrangements with a supervising instructor in the term prior to registration. Students must complete a proposal or form of scientific communication by the end of the semester, such as a conference presentation, Biosymposium presentation, lab presentation or research paper, at the discretion of the instructor. This course may be repeated, and may be used towards the combined 3 credits of research to satisfy one upper level lab requirement for the biology major. This course is offered as credit/no credit only.

Three semester courses taken as Parts A, B and C; 2 credits each. Expectations, requirements and prerequisites are defined in the department senior project policy. Students must contact and make arrangements with a supervising instructor in the term prior to registration.

Three semester courses taken as Parts A, B and C; 2 credits each. Expectations, requirements and prerequisites are defined in the department senior project policy. Students must contact and make arrangements with a supervising instructor in the term prior to registration.

Three semester courses taken as Parts A, B and C; 2 credits each. Expectations, requirements and prerequisites are defined in the department senior project policy. Students must contact and make arrangements with a supervising instructor in the term prior to registration.

This course explores the geology and ecology of the shallow-water marine environment by examining the preeminent modern example, the Bahamas platform. The Bahamas provide an excellent model for understanding modern and ancient carbonate and reef deposits and a variety of terrestrial/aquatic habitats. Biological processes are responsible for many of the geological features of the Bahamas, so the course considers the biology/ecology of marine organisms in addition to geological topics.

Concentrated study in particular areas of biology. No credit is allowed toward the Master of Science degree requirements and no more than one workshop may be applied toward a minor in biology.

A study of the function, structure and composition of forested ecosystems. The effect of physical geography on the distribution of forest communities will be explored. Issues of forest management and restoration will also be considered. Field laboratory topics will include dendrology and sampling techniques within different forest successional stages.

Population change as brought about by mechanisms of organic evolution. Molecular biology is integrated with evolutionary biology and concepts of phylogenetic relationships resulting from the process of speciation are stressed. A seminar/research project is required.

This course provides an introduction to the study of mammals, incorporating current literature and methods of data analysis in the study of mammals. Topics covered include evolutionary history, general physiology, reproductive biology, systematics, ecology, wildlife management and behavior, followed by review of mammalian taxonomic orders. Lectures are reinforced with specimen-based, team-led laboratory and field experiences, with an over-arching camera study of native species. Students should have a background in introductory ecology and comparative anatomy of vertebrates or human anatomy.

An advanced study of human anatomy with cadaver dissection. Emphasis is given to a clinical perspective and the evolution and development of human structure within a comparative context.

This course offers an in-depth study of the structure of the musculoskeletal and peripheral nervous system of the human body. Specific structural and neural pathologies will be examined in regards to impact on occupational performance. Laboratory experiences involving cadaver dissection, skeletal material, models and audiovisual technology will be utilized.

An advanced clinically-oriented study of normal human physiology, as well as an introduction to the basics of human disease processes (pathophysiology). The course serves as a foundation for future courses in clinical medicine, pharmacology and diagnostic methods.

An advanced clinically-oriented study of human physiology and the alterations in body functions that underlie diseases in humans. It serves as a foundation for courses in the clinical medicine.

Conservation biology is the study and management of biodiversity with the aim of protecting species, their habitats and ecosystems from excessive rates of extinction. The course will focus on ecological theory, population dynamics, conservation and restoration strategies, and ethical questions for conservation. The course will guide students in analyzing open-ended questions via case studies, in-depth discussions and writing assignments. Graduate students will develop and implement a teaching module, develop refined communication and leadership skills, and write a comprehensive conservation action plan. Students should have previous coursework in ecology and evolution or equivalent.

Studies in special areas of biology. May be repeated with change in topic or change in subject matter within a topic.

Advanced Laboratory studies in graduate level Biology topics. May be repeated for course credit when course content changes.

Students will design and engage in course-based research projects using modern approaches to ornithology. Classes will investigate current primary literature on ornithological research, recent technological advances and conservation. Lectures and labs will explore the biodiversity of birds, identification by sight and sound, and the ecology, evolution, physiology and behavior of birds. Labs will involve fieldwork, data collection and workshops such as sound analysis and geographic tracking. BIO 530 will be taught concurrently with BIO 430.

This course covers the principles behind light microscopy, from the properties of light to the latest technologies in microscopy. Students will get hands-on experience with the different kinds of microscopes, including the confocal microscope. The course also covers fluorescent probes, advanced fluorescence techniques, digital imaging, methods of quantification and figure preparation for publication, with an emphasis on biological applications.

This course examines the structure and function of the human nervous system with applications to occupational engagement across the lifespan. The occupational therapy process is applied to explore the influences of common neurological conditions on occupational performance, performance skills, client factors and performance patterns of clients within environmental and personal contexts and the occupational therapy role.

A writing-intensive introduction to basic neurobiological processes that draws from molecular biology, genetics, biochemistry, behavioral biology, electrophysiology, pharmacology, computer science and optics. Topics will include both classic and state-of-the-art techniques. Special emphasis will be placed on framing techniques as tools to answer basic scientific questions in neuroscience. BIO 543 is taught concurrently with BIO 443. Credit may not be earned in both BIO 443 and BIO 543.

A lecture seminar course considering the fundamental principles of basic and medical virology and an analysis of the structure, chemistry and replication of representative RNA and DNA animal viruses at the molecular level.

The experimental basis of neurobiology will be explored in invertebrates and humans using modern neurobiological techniques, such as extracellular, intracellular, electromyogram and voltage clamp recording. The course will revolve primarily around the laboratory activities, with the single lecture section designed to support the laboratory. Students will be expected to complete a project that involves developing a new experimental approach or model system.

An introduction to the evolution and ecology of pathogenic microorganisms, with an emphasis on the bacteria. Emphasis will be placed on the study, discussion and critique of scientific literature, as well as formal presentation of scientific information and data.

Advanced exploration of molecular and cellular mechanisms that determine neuronal identity, migration, synaptogenesis, synaptic plasticity and neural systems organization. Critical and intensive evaluation and communication of advanced primary literature. Graduate students will lead discussions on scientific literature that will be held to a higher standard of scientific rigor, demonstrating graduate-level mastery of the topics.

Advanced laboratory projects exploring molecular and cellular mechanisms of neural development, including neuronal identity, migration, synaptogenesis, synaptic plasticity or neural systems organization. Introduction to current and advanced research techniques in developmental neurobiology. Independent design and execution of research projects under instructor guidance. Graduate students will lead experimental projects that will be held to a higher standard of scientific rigor, demonstrating graduate-level mastery of the topics.

An overview of insect ecology from an evolutionary perspective, focusing on the processes that affect the diversity, distribution and abundance of insects in natural and managed ecosystems. The role of insects as model systems in understanding ecological and evolutionary principles is included, and current literature in the field is highlighted. Field surveys and experiments are emphasized, including general insect collection and identification.

Molecular, cellular and network mechanisms underlying behavior will be studied using problem-solving, discussion, lecture and reading of primary literature. Similarities and differences between nervous systems and computers will be explored. Laboratories will utilize contemporary electrophysiology and computer simulation to examine the neuobiology of simple animal model systems.

Discussion-based course on the developmental changes involved in our evolution from ape-like ancestors; using the science of cloning and embryonic stem cells to prolong human life; the evolutionary theory of aging; the genetic conflict theory of human pregnancy; the developmental basis of variation in human sexuality; and the direct effects of environment on modern human development and evolution.

Theoretical and applied aspects of distribution and abundance, population regulation, interactions between populations and conservation will be studied in selected organisms, including humans. Credit may not be earned in both BIO 452 and BIO 552.

The ecology of microorganisms will be covered, including those important in human health and in natural environments. Emphasis will be placed on the study and critique of scientific literature. Credit may not be earned in both BIO 453 and 553.

The design of biological experiments and applications of statistical techniques in ecology, cell biology, physiology, behavior, systematics, genetics and evolution. Experiments and data from the biological literatures will be emphasized. Statistical software packages will be used. A seminar/research project involving advanced applications is required.

An in-depth study of plant function including metabolism, water relations, transport phenomena, growth and development, physiological ecology, and responses to pathogens and abiotic stress. Credit may not be earned in both BIO 455 and BIO 555.

Recent advances in computational sciences have facilitated methods of making inferences from data, fundamentally changing how biologists approach statistics. Students will learn how methods were developed and apply them to ecological examples. Topics include general principles of working with discrete and continuous data, maximum likelihood and Bayesian estimation techniques, and implementation of mixed and mixture models.  Students address ecological questions using data from a variety of currently available resources, and generate professional level reports and manuscripts. Introductory coursework in statistics is expected.

This course will explore the various ways that geographic information systems (GIS) can be used to answer biological questions. Students will use GIS software to study applications in ecology, conservation biology and environmental biology. A seminar/research project involving advanced applications is required. No prior GIS experience is required.

Functional relationships and productivity of freshwater communities are examined as they are affected by their physical, chemical and biotic environment. Organisms inhabiting lakes, ponds, rivers, streams and estuaries are studied at the population, community and ecosystem levels. Preparation of seminar topic papers required. Credit may not be earned in both BIO 459 and BIO 559.

Theory and practice of growing isolated plant cells, tissues and organs.

This eight-week course is intended to serve as an engaging introduction to develop data management skills and provide an exploration into several aspects of managing data from idea conception to post-project completion.

Study of endocrine organs and mechanisms of action of hormones. Students will be involved in interactive lectures and team-based learning activities to understand endocrine functions and disorders.

In this graduate level vertebrate physiology course, students will learn reproductive anatomy, physiology, development and behavior of a variety of organisms with humans serving as the foundational species. Innate and manipulated physiological mechanisms controlling reproduction will be examined at the molecular through organismal levels with an emphasis on understanding experimental approaches to physiology and reading a variety of scientific literature, from clinical studies to field biology. Students will curate scientific literature readings, teach undergraduates to understand the peer-reviewed literature and develop advanced-level assessments. Students should have previous coursework in physiology.

Cellular constituents and genetics are emphasized at the molecular level. Credit may not be earned in both BIO 480 and BIO 580.

This advanced biology course is designed for students to learn about the structure and function of genomes, to develop facility in web-based tools and resources, and to appreciate the power and limitations of current resources and knowledge. Focus is on the biological questions that genomics can help to answer. Laboratory exercises will be sequencing and analyzing genomic DNA.

This course presents the microscopic structure of cells, tissues and organs to explain normal physiological function and provides a basis for understanding disease mechanisms and altered cellular states. A special research project is required. Credit may not be earned in both BIO 482 and BIO 582.

Focuses on building databases and computer programs to manage and analyze biological sequence data, and secondarily on theoretical aspects. The overall objective is to learn current information about the intersection of information science and biology, to develop facility in the many web-based tools and resources for further studies and research in genomics/bioinformatics, and to appreciate the power and limitations of current resources and knowledge.

This research-embedded course will introduce students to the techniques and experimental design currently used in aquatic microbial ecology through both literature and laboratory procedures. Students will participate in projects that are currently a component of the instructor's research program. BIO 584 will be taught concurrently with BIO 484. Students may not earn credit in both BIO 484 and BIO 584.

Study of systematic theory and an overview of the classification and evolution of higher plants, with particular attention to flowering plant families. Techniques for plant identification and collection and for construction of phylogenies will be taught in lab. An independent project and presentation will be required. Prerequisites: general botany and cell biology or equivalents. Credit may not be earned in both BIO 486 and BIO 586.

The interactions of organisms with their physical environment. Concepts from fluid and solid mechanics are applied to biological form and function.

Students will explore effective teaching strategies in the sciences. Emphasis will be placed on how to prepare and teach laboratory and lecture courses, including effective instructional technologies and exam preparation. Discussions of teaching experiences and mentor and peer evaluations of the students' teaching skills will be included.

Students continue their exploration of effective teaching strategies in the biological sciences as they enter into their first teaching assignment in the department. Students will work under a faculty teaching mentor who will guide the students through their first teaching experience in the Department of Biology. Emphasis will be placed on mentor and peer evaluations of the students' teaching skills. May be repeated for up to two credits for different teaching assignments.

Students will develop skills in effective oral and written communications in the biological sciences. Emphasis will be placed on student learning styles, how to prepare an effective lecture or research seminar, effective use of presentation technologies and effective scientific writing.

A forum for students to present their research and/or teaching materials to their peers and receive constructive feedback on their progress. Presentations may take the form of informal "chalk talks," journal club presentations and/or formal presentations. This course is graded on a satisfactory/unsatisfactory (S/U) basis. May be repeated for up to two credits.

This class will cover multiple aspects of data, including collection and curation, analysis, and visualization. For analysis and visualization, students will use the statistical programming language R. By the end of this course students will be comfortable using R to manage, manipulate, visualize and analyze their own data, including the ability to make publication-ready figures. Emphasis will be placed on the application of statistical visualization approaches to biologically relevant data using current standards in the field of biology.

The purpose of this course is to provide individualized training and mentoring in designing, development and completion of a master's level thesis project. Students will develop a research question in collaboration with their research mentor, compose and manage a thesis committee including running two committee meetings, and complete an outline for a thesis proposal of their major research question. Topics covered will include effective communication skills with science professionals, and creating and managing a research program as part of a team of professionals. This course is run as supervised experiential learning.

Studies in advanced special areas of biology. May be repeated with change in topic or change in subject matter within a topic.

Seminar in special areas of biology. May be repeated up to a total of 12 hours with change in subject matter.

Laboratory and/or field research will be conducted under the direction of the Graduate Advisory Committee. The course will emphasize the development of research techniques and data collection. Can be repeated for credit. This course is graded on the satisfactory/unsatisfactory (S/U) basis. Hours do not apply toward 30 hours required for graduation.

Continued preparation in anticipation of the comprehensive examination. Course may be repeated as needed. A grade of "NC" (no credit) will be automatically entered for continuance hours. Hours do not apply toward 30 hours required for graduation.

Continued study, research and writing in the area of thesis concentration. Course may be repeated as needed. A grade of "NC" (no credit) will be automatically entered for continuance hours. Hours do not apply toward 30 hours required for graduation.

Thesis research to be directed by the Graduate Advisory Committee. This course is graded on a satisfactory/unsatisfactory (S/U) basis.